The Times of the Spanish Inquisition Essay -- essays research papers

Known for the terror it caused the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula, The Spanish Inquisition was one of the most deadly inquisitions in history. Used for both political and religious reasons, the time period between the 1400’s and the 1800’s belonged to the Catholic Roman Empire (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1994). In order to better understand the Inquisition, the reasons behind it, and the phenomenal worldwide effect, it is indispensable to examine its preceding events. In 14th century Spain, Jewish people are often associated with wealth, being a epidemic to the general public. When Aragon united with Castille in the marriage of Ferdinand V and Isabella, Spain was on the verge of becoming one of the wealthiest nations of the period. A large part of that prosperity was due to the Jewish community. Archdeacon Martinez of Seville continually tried to motivate the people to cleanse themselves of the Jewish citizens, finally succeeding on Ash Wednesday (March 15), 1391. Mobs flogged and beat the Jewish civilians to renounce their religion and become Christian. The victims of that day amount to hundreds, if not thousands, of unsuspecting people (C. Roth, The Spanish Inquisition, 1964). Although the Jews had become Christian to avoid persecution, they still celebrated their beliefs in secrecy. In 1487, their behavior was discovered during Jewish Passover, which was the same week as the Holy Week for the Catholic Church. Thus, the Spanish Inquisition was f ounded to sanitize the ...

The First Samurai

Japan in the 10th century was experiencing change and disorder as its relatively new central government sought techniques for a strong and enduring legacy. In this period lived a man named Taira no Masakado. In events which are swirled with mystery and legend, Masakado found himself in direct opposition with the government, even proclaiming the title of the â€Å"New Emperor†. His legacy endures to this day and is a fundamental component in contemporary Japanese folklore.Was Masakado a product of his environment or a self-motivated rebel, examining this question is important in the discussions of the motivations behind his actions. Whether he should be viewed as a villain or a hero is to be considered by the reader. Taira no Masakado is both revered as a hero and accused of being a trader. When considering the beginning of Masakado’s conquests it is important to note that not much is known of the exact motives of his first altercation with Minamoto Tasuku.All that is cl ear is that Minamoto sprang a surprise attack on Masakado as he neared the Hitachi region. Why was Masakado riding towards Hitachi with a group of armed men? Why did Minamoto attack Masakado? Both of these questions are vital in determining the real nature of Masakado and would link to the motives of his actions from this battle to his demise. The lack of answers to these questions seriously hinders one’s attempt at revealing Taira Masakado as a villain or hero. The events of Masakado’s insurrection seem to suggest that his actions were not justified and that he knew this.After being attacked by Minamoto, Masakado went on a rampage attacking many villages in southern Hitachi. Regardless of the dispute between the two, it is improbable that all of the victims of his attack were directly involved or deserving of murder. Preceding these events, Masakado is summoned to Kyoto to argue his case against allegations brought by the Minamoto family. Masakado is quick to travel t o Kyoto to explain himself, then, when he arrives back in Shimosa he is attacked by Yokishane.Looking for payback from the attacks in Hitachi, Yokishane aggressively seeks Masakado, even abducting his wife in the process. Having just been found innocent in Kyoto for his attacks in Hitachi, would it not make sense for Masakado to bring accusations against Yokishane? Masakado does not seek government help in deterring Yokishane, this suggests that he knew he was in the wrong and was hesitant to return to Kyoto, mainly because he felt as if he got lucky at his previous hearing.Skipping to Masakado’s confrontation with Sadamori in Hitachi, as Masakado wins the battle, storming the provincial capital grounds in the process, one gets a sense of the sudden panic defining his proceeding actions. Masakado immediately flees home to Shimosa. Once home, in an utterly confusing turn of events, Masakado heads out again, this time to conquer a handful of other eastern provinces. Instead of formerly addressing the rulers in Kyoto as the â€Å"new emperor† of the east or even as an adversary, Masakado writes a letter in an attempt to explain his actions and how they are justified.Using his imperial family ties, he tries to undermine the stories of his actions as propaganda from his opposers and claim that he remains loyal to the government. This is the act of a desperate man; a man who, maybe, has realized that he has made a grave mistake. Masakado wanted to believe that his conquests were justified, yet based on his actions it is apparent that he was not and knew it. Not having a strong cause and knowing he made a mistake defines Masakado as a villain, not a hero.It is likely that Masakado’s position in society and experiences deluded him and was a contributing factor to his demise. In this time period of Japan, in an attempt to preserve the integrity of the imperial family, fourth generation members of the imperial family were removed from the bloodline by way of changing their family name. Taira was used in the renaming and is the surname of Masakado. This link to the imperial family would have affected Masakado’s view of himself in society. Being a known descendent, he would have felt a sense of entitlement that could create an egotistical mindset.The feeling of superiority would have amplified when his father used his influence to secure an internship in Kyoto with the government for his son. Expecting to obtain a full-time position in Kyoto, it would have been very disappointing to return home with no long term position or title. This event probably added to the aggressive nature of Masakado as an adult. Having been denied a chance to participate in the government, as he felt entitled to, Masakado from then on decides to take matters into his own hands working as if he holds the title which he never received.The sense of entitlement and his failure to succeed in Kyoto helped to define the character traits that motivate M asakado for the rest of his life. Taira no Masakado remains an important component of contemporary Japanese folklore. Natural disasters, economic downturns, and other misfortunes are often attributed to times when the shrine to Masakado is neglected. The fascination with this legend plays a taboo role in Japanese culture. The story reveals a man who is individualistic and bold in his opposition to authority.For a society which is group oriented and generally suppressed for most of its history, Masakado's legacy is intriguing and mysterious. Although interpretation of Masakado differs, his lack of a consistent cause and his hesitation suggests the actions of a villain. Feeling a sense of entitlement from his imperial ties and not being accepted into Kyoto’s bureaucracy were critical in his motivations. Leading the first recorded rebellion since the establishment of a unified government in Japan, Taira no Masakado has solidified himself into Japanese culture today.

Populism - Definition in American Politics

President  Donald Trump was repeatedly described as a populist during the 2016 presidential race. Trump styled himself as a populist during his flamboyantly provocative campaign, The New York Times wrote, claiming to hear, understand and channel the working-class Americans so wrongly ignored by other leaders. Asked Politico:  Is  Donald Trump the Perfect Populist, one with broader appeal to the right and the center than his predecessors in recent American political history? The Christian Science Monitor opined that Trumps unique populism promises a change in governance perhaps equal to parts of the New Deal or the early years of the Reagan revolution. But what, exactly, is populism? And what does it mean to be a populist? There are many definitions. Definition of Populism Populism is generally defined as a way of speaking and campaigning on behalf of the needs of the people or the little man as opposed to the well-to-do elite. Populist rhetoric frames issues such as the economy, for example, as the  angry, aggrieved and neglected struggling to overcome a corrupt oppressor, whoever that oppressor may be. George Packer, a veteran political journalist for The New Yorker, described populism as a stance and a rhetoric more than an ideology or a set of positions. It speaks of a battle of good against evil, demanding simple answers to difficult problems.   History of Populism Populism has its roots in the grassroots formation of the Peoples and Populist parties in the late 1800s. The Peoples Party was founded in Kansas in 1890 amid depression and a widespread belief among farmers and laborers that the government was dominated by large money interests, the political historian William Safire wrote. A national party with similar interests, the Populist Party, was founded a year later, in 1891. The national party fought for public ownership of railroads, the telephone system, and an income tax that would demand more from wealthier Americans. The latter idea is a common populist idea used in modern elections. It is similar to the Buffett Rule, which would raise taxes on the wealthiest Americans. The Populist Party died in 1908 but many of its ideals linger on today. The national partys platform read, in part: We meet in the midst of a nation brought to the verge of moral, political, and material ruin. Corruption dominates the ballot-box, the Legislatures, the Congress, and touches even the ermine of the bench. The people are demoralized; most of the States have been compelled to isolate the voters at the polling places to prevent universal intimidation and bribery. The newspapers are largely subsidized or muzzled, public opinion silenced, business prostrated, homes covered with mortgages, labor impoverished, and the land concentrating in the hands of capitalists. The urban workmen are denied the right to organize for self-protection, imported pauperized labor beats down their wages, a hireling standing army, unrecognized by our laws, is established to shoot them down, and they are rapidly degenerating into European conditions. The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few, unprecedented in the history of mankind; and the possessors of those, in turn, despise the republic and endanger liberty. From the same prolific womb of governmental injustice we breed the two great classes—tramps and millionaires. Populist Ideas Modern populism typically is sympathetic to the struggles of white, middle-class Americans and portrays Wall Street bankers, undocumented workers, and U.S. trade partners including China as evil.  Populist ideas including heavily taxing the wealthiest Americans, tightening security along the U.S. border with Mexico, raising the minimum wage, expanding Social Security and imposing stiff tariffs on trade with other countries in an attempt to keep American jobs from going overseas.   Populist Politicians The first real populist presidential candidate was the Populist Partys nominee for president in the 1892 election. The nominee, General James B. Weaver, won 22 electoral votes and more than 1 million actual votes. In modern times, Weavers campaign would have been considered a great success; independents typically garner only a small share of the vote. William Jennings Bryan is perhaps the most famous populist in American history. The Wall Street Journal once described Bryan as the Trump before Trump. His speech at the Democratic National Convention in 1896, which  was said to have roused the crowd to a frenzy, aimed to advance the interests of small Midwestern farmers who felt they were being taken advantage of by the banks. Bryan wanted to move to a bimetallic gold-silver standard.   Huey Long, who served as the governor of Louisiana and a U.S. senator, was also considered a populist. He railed against wealthy plutocrats and their bloated fortunes and proposed to impose steep taxes on the richest Americans and distribute the revenue to the poor still suffering from the effects of the Great Depression. Long, who had presidential aspirations, wanted to set a minimum annual income of $2,500. Robert M. La Follette Sr. was a congressman and governor of Wisconsin who took on corrupt politicians and big business, which he believed had a dangerously oversized influence on matters of public interest.   Thomas E. Watson of Georgia was an early populist and the partys vice presidential hopeful  in 1896. Watson had won a seat in Congress by supporting the reclamation of large tracts of land granted to corporations, abolishing national banks, eliminating paper money, and cutting taxes on low-income citizens, according to the New Georgia Encyclopedia.  He was  also  a southern demagogue and bigot, according to the Encyclopedia.  Watson wrote of the threat of immigrants to  America: The scum of creation has been dumped on us. Some of our principal cities are more foreign than American. The most dangerous and corrupting hordes of the Old World have invaded us. The vice and crime which they have planted in our midst are sickening and terrifying. What brought these Goths and Vandals to our shores? The manufacturers are mainly to blame. They wanted cheap labor: and they didn’t care a curse how much harm to our future might be the consequence of their heartless policy. Trump routinely inveighed against the establishment in his successful presidential campaign. He regularly promised to drain the swamp in Washington, D.C., an unflattering portrayal of the Capitol as a corrupt playground for plutocrats, special interests, lobbyists and fat, out-of-touch lawmakers. Decades of failure in Washington, and decades of special interest  dealing must come to an end. We have to break the cycle of corruption, and we have to give new voices a chance to go into government service, Trump stated.   The independent presidential candidate Ross Perot was similar in style and rhetoric to Trump. Perot fared well by building his campaign on voter resentment of the establishment, or the political elite, in 1992. He won a  startling 19 percent of the popular vote that year. Donald Trump and Populism So is Donald Trump a populist? He certainly used populist expressions during his campaign, portraying his supporters as American workers who have not seen their financial status improve since the end of the Great Recession and those neglected by the political and societal elite. Trump, and for that matter Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, spoke to a class of blue-collar, struggling middle-class voters who believe the economy was rigged. Michael Kazin, the author of  The Populist Persuasion, told Slate in 2016: Trump expresses one aspect of populism, which is anger at the establishment and various elites. He believes Americans have been betrayed by those elites. But the other side of populism is a sense of a moral people, people who’ve been betrayed for some reason and have a distinct identity, whether they are workers, farmers, or taxpayers. Whereas with Trump, I don’t really get much of a sense of who the people are. Of course journalists say he’s talking mostly to white working-class people, but he doesn’t say that. Wrote Politico: Trump’s platform combines positions that are shared by many populists but are anathema to movement conservatives—a defense of Social Security, a guarantee of universal health care, economic nationalist trade policies. President Barack Obama, who Trump succeeded in the White House, took issue with labeling Trump a populist, however. Said Obama: â€Å"Somebody else who has never shown any regard for workers, has never fought on behalf of social justice issues or making sure that poor kids are getting a decent shot at life or have health care — in fact, have worked against economic opportunity for workers and ordinary people, they don’t suddenly become a populist because they say something controversial in order to win votes. Indeed, some of Trumps critics accused him of phony populism, of using populist rhetoric during the campaign but of wanting to abandon his populist platform once in office. Analyses of Trumps tax proposals found that the biggest benefactors would be the wealthiest Americans. Trump, after winning the election, also recruited fellow billionaires and lobbyists to play roles in his White House. He also walked back some of his fiery campaign rhetoric on cracking down on Wall Street and rounding up and deporting immigrants who are living in the United States illegally.

Short Summary Of Nelson Mandela s Long Walk On Freedom

Elon Fiol May 13, 2015 â€Å"Long Walk to Freedom† â€Å"I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days.† Nelson Mandela. He was birthed into greatness and it is safe to say that he was a publicly acclaimed leader for his great efforts during the Apartheid in South Africa. Many would identify a leader in many ways but, the most important aspect of leadership is to go against the circumstances and make a difference. Mandela’s childhood experiences and life after helped shaped his beliefs and values that would label him the man he became to be. In terms of culture and other aspects that would influence a child’s life, there is a correlation between childhood experiences and the kind of person we grow up to be. In order to understand Mandela’s life, we have to examine the content of his childhood surroundings and his personal way of being. His life through trial and error would create a le gacy to learn from for many generations to come. He had passion for the fight against racial oppression and rights of the people in South Africa but, his views and morals resonate with people all over the world. Racial oppression exist in the most richest and poorest parts of the world and is an ideology that has been deeply rooted since the beginning of time. It is people like Nelson Mandela that put aside their own differences to represent the people ofShow MoreRelatedMandela Long Walk to Freedom1816 Words   |  8 PagesLong Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela Ââ€" Book Review Â…calm, patient determination to reclaim this country as your own, and now the joy that we can loudly proclaim from the rooftops--Free at last! Free at last! ... This is a time to heal the old wounds and build a new South Africa. Nelson Mandela fought his entire life. 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What is a king to a god Even if that god has committed...

What is a king to a god? Even if that god has committed unspeakable acts? Leda and the Swan is a poem that causes a lot controversy; some people feel that Zeus raped Leda where as others feel that she was seduced. William Butler Yeats officially published this poem in 1928. He was known as one of the world’s greatest authors of his time. Yeats was born in Sandymount, Republic of Ireland on June 13,1865 and lived to be 74 years old. He was very proud of his Irish nationality and â€Å"maintained his cultural roots, featuring Irish legends and heroes in many of his poems and plays.† (William Butler Yeats). He moved from Ireland to English for an extended amount of time, but later returned to Ireland after the â€Å"Easter Rising, which was an†¦show more content†¦Greek mythology was the Greek religion; it explained life, death and the entirety of the world to them. Some scholars wonder if the Leda and the Swan was a way Yeats used to show how he truly felt abou t Ireland’s downward spiral; how the English were destroying their culture and way of life. Scholars developed this theory based on the social-political issues going on between England and Ireland at the time the poem was written. Leda and the Swan is written as a sonnet. The particular type used by Yeats is referred to as a Petrarchan sonnet; a sonnet is defined as â€Å"†¦a fourteen-lined poem divided into unequal parts.† (â€Å"Kennedy, X J, and Dana Gioia.†). There are multiple types of sonnets, such as Italian sonnet, English sonnet, etc. Yeats was very creative in the sense that he starts out with an English style sonnet and then switches to an Italian style sonnet as the poem develops. The general rhyming scheme that Leda and the Swan has is: ABAB CDCD EFGEFG. In sonnets, there is something known as the â€Å"turn† which is when the entire poem shifts from talking about one thing to something else. In Leda and the Swan, this turn is when it goes from talking about Leda and the swan to the Trojan War. The poem would be quite confusing to any reader that doesn’t understand that it is about Greek mythos and written in the sonnet style. The wording itself isn’t hard to grasp. The real challenge is the understanding of the background story of

Global local fashion Essay Example For Students

Global local fashion Essay The jackets has elements of a suit collar with peaked lapels, which indicates a tailored easing as well as a crinoline assisting with the shape of the dress which is originally a Western fashion element. (Radon, 2009) Hampton is one of the Japanese designers best understood in the West as he never deviates far from Western culture context. (AFAIK 2005: 23) The image that exotic cultures have of themselves is often determined by the dominant West. (Tennessee 2005:11) Countries that are non- Western have an auto-exotic gaze about their own culture and what constitutes as their own tradition. An exotic product is created by these non-western countries by coking through the eyes of the Western society to see what is perceived as being traditional and exotic to them and then offered back to the West. (Tennessee 2005:11) Abandoning color in favor of monochrome shades in the designs of both Mistake and Hampton in an expression of Japanese aesthetic roots known as WBI Saba. (AFAIK 2005:19) This Japanese tradition as well as dominantly making use of black in their designs is evident in Hammocks autumn/ winter 2010 collection. This expression of WBI Saba led to the minimalist trend of the asses which is still visible n their collections of 2010 for Hampton considering the lack of color and Mistakes 2011 collection due to the very simplistic design of the black undergarments and the clean lines of the paper folded architectural designs as the main focus. (AFAIK, 2005) The models were even styled in a minimalist manner with pulled back hair and white faces with no makeup applied. Mistake creates a different authentic milieu by commenting on the reclassification of the kimono through his work. While it keeps the continent in style, click ©s are inevitable. Innings, 2011:14) European designers choose elements of African fashion for example fabrics or colors without necessarily having knowledge of the value. African designers have now been contributing to the evolution of their culture by using their own heritage as design inspiration and they have been recognized for this by creating contemporary versions of their traditional crafts. Innings, 2011: 14) Western styles being used in African designs today can be seen as a creative adoption rather than a capitulation. Roving, 2009: 135) Western elements in the Black Coffee fashion installation includes the use of fabric to create a Victorian sasss bustle as well as accentuated waists commenting on Western corset, giving these designs a Western inspired feel. (McGinnis, 2010) Western aesthetics consists of making use of drapes to mask imperfections of the body. Flawless drapes are used in creating a perfect, beautiful skin. (AFAIK 2005:23) Black Coffee mastered the art of draping fabric perfectly with no flaw or overlap in his 2009 design, contributing to the Western idea of fashion aesthetics. An Imaginary idea of African fashion in the Black Coffee 2009 collection can be found in the Jewelry insisting of long necklaces made out of bulky, round objects which resembles African beads. These beads showcase the imaginary perception of African Jewelry. (Aquanaut, 2013) The Indian design industry caters for the modern Indian women who can be seen as dressing in fusion style by mixing traditional Indian clothing items like the Sari and current trends. They have their own tradition embedded in their style but are interested in following international trends at the same time which can be seen in color, style as well as details. This fusion style will however still be noninsured ethnic by the West. (Tennessee 2005:11) Mannish Roar is an example of an Indian designer who recognized this need for global-local fashion and creates designs as a global brand which consists of Western tastes and international trends with Indian detailing, patterns and design elements giving the designs an exotic aura. (Tennessee 2005:11) Roar incorporated the global-local notion in his autumn/ winter 2009 collection by referencing the plains of Africa, Amazonian rainforests as well as the Indian Jungles. Roar exaggerates the perception of an exotic product which is offered back to the West, by making use of super-sampling which is known as creating a random collection of styles into one eclectic collection as he incorporates different cultures. (AFAIK, 2005 ) Tennessee cites that India is an excellent example of a combined fashion relationship between indigenous culture and Western fashion. .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e , .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e .postImageUrl , .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e , .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e:hover , .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e:visited , .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e:active { border:0!important; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e:active , .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucd14a3bbcd6a133e31c1dcc28ca52a5e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fashions EssayRoar has often been referred to as the Gilligan of the East as he also draws inspiration from different cultures all over the world. (Tennessee 2005: 19) Mistake, renowned for his research in textile technology, strongly supported he technological Japanese textile industry concerning the usage of lightweight, wrinkle-free and reasonably priced fabric. (AFAIK 2005:25) Mistake goes to say that: There are no boundaries of what clothes can be made of. Anything can be clothing. (English, 2005) Japanese designers put great emphasis on fabric technology.

Cooperate Governance ASX Corporate Governance

Question: Discuss about the Cooperate Governancefor ASX Corporate Governance. Answer: Cooperate governance, are the measures and practices a company is controlled with, it deals with the balancing of the stakeholder's interests. That is the shareholders, managers, and the customers. For Woolworths Company, the practices are central to its set up. This is done voluntary by the board to comply with the ASX Corporate Governance Council recommendations and principals document. The Cooperate Governance Framework The board of directors governs the company, where each is held accountable by the shareholders, as it is answerable for the direction to which the firm takes, this is done by a delegated framework to the companys management, by delegating implementations to be followed[1]. The board has also established other committees in the company to help in monitor its requirements, for example, the sustainability, people policy, and the audit and risk management committee. The responsibilities for the governance are many, for example, the discloser requirements delegated. As the business is listed on the ASX, which requires constant disclosure under the Corporation Act. This includes the information on material pricing, which helps the investor in noting whether to hold or dispose of the Woolworth securities. Such requirements keep the company from disclosing the pricing information till the ASX in notified and has acknowledged the real seas of the data to the market[2]. Aspects of the companys corporate governance Reasons for adopting corporate governance- This is done to oversee the best interests of the company and also to build a better relationship with the shareholders. Measurement indicators-it the quality of governance and the value of shares regarding improvements and the satisfaction of the shareholders. Policies and guidelines- this are the measures and standards that the company lays down, Disclosure information-this is the ability of the business to provide current information to the shareholders and the market at large. Bibliography Hancock, Phil, M. E. Bazley, and Peter Robinson. Contemporary accounting: a strategic approach for users. South Melbourne, Victoria: Cengage Learning Australia, 2015 Plessis, J. J., James McConvill, and Mirko Bagaric. Principles of contemporary corporate governance. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005